Enzymes
| UniProtKB help_outline | 6 proteins |
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- Name help_outline 2-methylpropanoate Identifier CHEBI:48944 (Beilstein: 3903644; CAS: 5711-69-3) help_outline Charge -1 Formula C4H7O2 InChIKeyhelp_outline KQNPFQTWMSNSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-M SMILEShelp_outline CC(C)C([O-])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 6 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline ATP Identifier CHEBI:30616 (Beilstein: 3581767) help_outline Charge -4 Formula C10H12N5O13P3 InChIKeyhelp_outline ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-J SMILEShelp_outline Nc1ncnc2n(cnc12)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,280 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline CoA Identifier CHEBI:57287 (Beilstein: 11604429) help_outline Charge -4 Formula C21H32N7O16P3S InChIKeyhelp_outline RGJOEKWQDUBAIZ-IBOSZNHHSA-J SMILEShelp_outline CC(C)(COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP([O-])([O-])=O)n1cnc2c(N)ncnc12)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,500 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA Identifier CHEBI:57338 Charge -4 Formula C25H38N7O17P3S InChIKeyhelp_outline AEWHYWSPVRZHCT-NDZSKPAWSA-J SMILEShelp_outline CC(C)C(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@H](O)C(C)(C)COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP([O-])([O-])=O)n1cnc2c(N)ncnc12 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 11 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline AMP Identifier CHEBI:456215 Charge -2 Formula C10H12N5O7P InChIKeyhelp_outline UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-L SMILEShelp_outline Nc1ncnc2n(cnc12)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 508 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline diphosphate Identifier CHEBI:33019 (Beilstein: 185088) help_outline Charge -3 Formula HO7P2 InChIKeyhelp_outline XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-K SMILEShelp_outline OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,129 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
| RHEA:46176 | RHEA:46177 | RHEA:46178 | RHEA:46179 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
| UniProtKB help_outline |
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Related reactions help_outline
More general form(s) of this reaction
Publications
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Characterization of the formation of branched short-chain fatty acid:CoAs for bitter acid biosynthesis in hop glandular trichomes.
Xu H., Zhang F., Liu B., Huhman D.V., Sumner L.W., Dixon R.A., Wang G.
Bitter acids, known for their use as beer flavoring and for their diverse biological activities, are predominantly formed in hop (Humulus lupulus) glandular trichomes. Branched short-chain acyl-CoAs (e.g. isobutyryl-CoA, isovaleryl-CoA and 2-methylbutyryl-CoA), derived from the degradation of bran ... >> More
Bitter acids, known for their use as beer flavoring and for their diverse biological activities, are predominantly formed in hop (Humulus lupulus) glandular trichomes. Branched short-chain acyl-CoAs (e.g. isobutyryl-CoA, isovaleryl-CoA and 2-methylbutyryl-CoA), derived from the degradation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), are essential building blocks for the biosynthesis of bitter acids in hops. However, little is known regarding what components are needed to produce and maintain the pool of branched short-chain acyl-CoAs in hop trichomes. Here, we present several lines of evidence that both CoA ligases and thioesterases are likely involved in bitter acid biosynthesis. Recombinant HlCCL2 (carboxyl CoA ligase) protein had high specific activity for isovaleric acid as a substrate (K cat /K m = 4100 s(-1) M(-1)), whereas recombinant HlCCL4 specifically utilized isobutyric acid (Kcat/K m = 1800 s(-1) M(-1)) and 2-methylbutyric acid (Kcat/K m = 6900 s(-1) M(-1)) as substrates. Both HlCCLs, like hop valerophenone synthase (HlVPS), were expressed strongly in glandular trichomes and localized to the cytoplasm. Co-expression of HlCCL2 and HlCCL4 with HlVPS in yeast led to significant production of acylphloroglucinols (the direct precursors for bitter acid biosynthesis), which further confirmed the biochemical function of these two HlCCLs in vivo. Functional identification of a thioesterase that catalyzed the reverse reaction of CCLs in mitochondria, together with the comprehensive analysis of genes involved BCAA catabolism, supported the idea that cytosolic CoA ligases are required for linking BCAA degradation and bitter acid biosynthesis in glandular trichomes. The evolution and other possible physiological roles of branched short-chain fatty acid:CoA ligases in planta are also discussed. << Less
Mol. Plant 6:1301-1317(2013) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 16 other entries.
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Molecular identification and characterization of two medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, MACS1 and the Sa gene product.
Fujino T., Takei Y.A., Sone H., Ioka R.X., Kamataki A., Magoori K., Takahashi S., Sakai J., Yamamoto T.T.
In this study, we identified and characterized two murine cDNAs encoding medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (MACS). One, designated MACS1, is a novel protein and the other the product of the Sa gene (Sa protein), which is preferentially expressed in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Based on the muri ... >> More
In this study, we identified and characterized two murine cDNAs encoding medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (MACS). One, designated MACS1, is a novel protein and the other the product of the Sa gene (Sa protein), which is preferentially expressed in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Based on the murine MACS1 sequence, we also identified the location and organization of the human MACS1 gene, showing that the human MACS1 and Sa genes are located in the opposite transcriptional direction within a 150-kilobase region on chromosome 16p13.1. Murine MACS1 and Sa protein were overexpressed in COS cells, purified to homogeneity, and characterized. Among C4-C16 fatty acids, MACS1 preferentially utilizes octanoate, whereas isobutyrate is the most preferred fatty acid among C2-C6 fatty acids for Sa protein. Like Sa gene transcript, MACS1 mRNA was detected mainly in the liver and kidney. Subcellular fractionation revealed that both MACS1 and Sa protein are localized in the mitochondrial matrix. (14)C-Fatty acid incorporation studies indicated that acyl-CoAs produced by MACS1 and Sa protein are utilized mainly for oxidation. << Less
J. Biol. Chem. 276:35961-35966(2001) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 10 other entries.